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*Passer domesticus*, commonly known as the house sparrow, is a small, adaptable bird native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, now found in cities and rural areas worldwide. Measuring about 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.3 inches) in length, the house sparrow is characterized by its stout body, short tail, and strong, conical beak, which is well-suited for seed and grain consumption. Males are easily recognized by their bold coloring: they have a gray crown, a black bib, and a warm brown back, while females and young birds are more subdued, featuring a uniform brown and tan coloration that helps them blend into their surroundings. House sparrows are highly social birds, often seen in flocks foraging for food in parks, gardens, and urban areas. Their diet primarily consists of seeds, grains, and scraps from human activities, making them successful in diverse habitats. The house sparrow is known for its cheerful chirping and chattering calls, which contribute to the lively atmosphere of their environment. During the breeding season, house sparrows build nests in sheltered locations, such as eaves, bushes, or trees. They typically lay 3 to 7 eggs, with both parents participating in feeding the chicks. Their resilience and adaptability have made them one of the most common and familiar birds worldwide.

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