Canis lupus familiaris, commonly known as the domestic dog, is a subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus). Believed to have been domesticated over 15,000 years ago, dogs have since evolved alongside humans, becoming one of the most diverse species with over 340 recognized breeds. This diversity is evident in their size, coat color, and behavioral traits, ranging from the tiny Chihuahua to the large Great Dane.

Dogs are social animals known for their loyalty and companionship. They possess a keen sense of smell and hearing, making them excellent working animals in roles such as herding, hunting, and search-and-rescue. Their intelligence allows them to learn commands and tasks, contributing to their roles as service and therapy animals.

Domesticated dogs thrive in various environments, adapting to human lifestyles while providing emotional support and protection.